Master 21 Test Cases for Login Page: Proven Techniques

Comprehensive Test Case Design

High Priority Test Cases

These focus on the core functionality of the login page:

These test cases address critical authentication paths and error scenarios, ensuring the system’s basic functionality is intact.

Medium Priority Test Cases

These aim to validate system robustness and usability:

These scenarios explore edge cases, handling of invalid inputs, and user experience nuances.

Low Priority Test Cases

These test peripheral features and low-risk aspects:

These tests focus on usability and system behavior under less common circumstances.

Best Practices for Login Page Testing

Security-Focused Testing Techniques

Testing the security of your login page goes beyond surface-level functionality—it’s about ensuring user data and system integrity stand strong against real-world threats. Here’s how you can cover the most common vulnerabilities:

• SQL Injection:

  A methodical approach is essential when uncovering SQL injection vulnerabilities in your login page. Here’s a structured way to identify potential weak spots:

  • Identify Input Entry Points:
    Start by pinpointing all fields capturing credentials—typically, username (or email) and password. Don’t forget any fields used for recovery or alternative authentication flows.
  • Inject Common Attack Patterns:
    Enter classic SQL injection payloads into the login fields. Examples include inputs like and other forms that attempt to manipulate SQL queries. This helps reveal whether the application fails to handle unexpected expressions.
  • Observe for Error Messages or Anomalies:
    After submitting crafted inputs, monitor for error messages from the database or application. System errors such as “syntax error,” “unexpected token,” or detailed SQL output can signal insufficient input sanitization.
  • Attempt Unauthorized Access:
    Check if using SQL payloads enables logging in without valid credentials. If bypasses are possible, your login logic is likely vulnerable to injection.
  • Assess Application Defenses:
    Ensure the login system enforces protections against automated SQL injection, such as locking out accounts after repeated failures or utilizing CAPTCHAs.
  • Validate Input Sanitization on Login Forms

    Input sanitization is essential to safeguard against threats like SQL injection and other forms of malicious data entry. Here’s how to verify that your login form is handling inputs securely:

    • Enter Malicious Patterns: Try submitting the login form with classic SQL injection payloads (e.g., admin' OR 1=1-- or '; DROP TABLE users;--) and observe whether the system rejects the inputs gracefully, without processing them or displaying sensitive error details.
    • Test with Special Characters: Use inputs containing special characters, excessive whitespace, HTML tags, and Unicode characters to ensure the system does not process unexpected data.
    • Check Error Handling: Ensure that any error messages returned do not reveal technical information about your database or internal structure—generic error responses are ideal.
    • Review Field Constraints: Examine whether there are length restrictions and allowed character sets on both client and server sides. Submission of data beyond limits should be blocked or result in a controlled error message.
    • Experiment with Automation Tools: Utilize tools such as OWASP ZAP or Burp Suite to conduct structured input validation and identify any overlooked vulnerabilities.

    A comprehensive approach helps confirm input sanitization is enforced consistently and reduces exposure to common attack vectors.

  By systematically following these steps, potential SQL injection problems in login forms can be discovered and mitigated before they become security incidents.

• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Input scripts (such as <script>alert('test')</script>) into all login fields and inspect whether the script gets executed or reflected back. A secure system escapes or blocks such input, safeguarding the UI and any backend logs or interfaces from malicious code.
• Password Encryption: Inspect network traffic using a tool like Wireshark or browser developer tools. Passwords should be transmitted over HTTPS only—never plain HTTP. Additionally, review application logs and server-side storage (where permitted) to confirm that passwords aren’t stored in readable text, but are hashed using a strong algorithm such as bcrypt or Argon2.

Applying these targeted tests ensures your login form is well-armored against some of the most common attack vectors, protecting users and compliance simultaneously.

1. Automate Repetitive Tests: Automate test cases like boundary values and equivalence partitions to save time.
2. Use Real-World Scenarios: Simulate real-world scenarios, such as multiple users attempting simultaneous logins.
3. Include Negative Testing: Validate system behavior under invalid and unexpected inputs.

Importance of Organizing, Editing, and Executing Test Cases

A well-managed suite of test cases is key to successful login page testing. Organizing test cases by priority, such as high, medium, and low, ensures that critical authentication flows—like valid logins or prevention of injection attacks—get immediate attention. This triage minimizes the risk of missing high-impact defects before users ever interact with your login page.

Regular editing of test cases keeps your suite up-to-date and relevant. As requirements evolve or new edge cases emerge (think: password complexity rules, blocked account scenarios, or new browser behaviors), revisiting and refining your test descriptions, steps, and expected outcomes is essential. This adaptability helps teams quickly address issues found during exploratory testing or those highlighted by bug reports.

Effective execution and diligent result tracking solidify this process. Running organized test cases lets you monitor coverage, spot gaps, and catch regressions—whether you’re using manual checks or automated suites with tools like Selenium or Playwright. Reviewing the outcomes enables teams to fine-tune their test documentation and adjust focus areas as threats or workflows shift. Ultimately, by systematically organizing, updating, and executing test cases, you create a reliable safety net—helping to ensure login functionality works seamlessly for every user, across every scenario.

General Steps to Create and Manage Login Page Test Cases Using Test Management Tools

Whether you’re wrangling your test suite in Jira, TestRail, Zephyr, or your tool du jour, the core principles remain largely the same. Here’s a practical flow for creating and managing test cases for a login page without getting lost in the weeds:

Creating Test Cases

• Log into your chosen test management tool. Begin by jumping into the relevant project where your login page lives.
• Navigate to the test case section. Look for an area labeled “Test Cases” or “Test Suite.”
• Add a new test case. Here, you’ll enter details such as the test case name, a short description, steps to perform, expected results, and any tags or labels for organization.
• Assign priorities. Mark how critical each test case is—this helps sort out the “must-have” security checks from the “nice-to-have” placeholder autofill verifications.

Managing Test Cases

• Sort and organize. Group test cases by priority, feature, or test cycle to streamline planning and execution.
• Edit and refine. Update step descriptions, acceptance criteria, and test data as your login requirements evolve or as bugs are squashed (or created).
• Add or retire cases. Create new cases as the login page gains new features (like a snazzy two-factor authentication prompt). When old features go the way of floppy disks, archive their tests.
• Execute and document results. Run each case during testing cycles, record pass/fail outcomes, and note any defects linked to your bug tracker—bonus points if your tool automates this.
• Review and iterate. Periodically comb through your test suite, prune outdated scenarios, and plug coverage gaps to ensure your login page remains rock-solid.

By sticking to a transparent, repeatable process—regardless of platform—you keep your test cases organized and meaningful, making maintenance a breeze and onboarding new team members much easier.

Cookies and Session Management Test Cases

A comprehensive login test suite should also address cookies and session handling, since persistent login and data security are crucial areas. Here are essential scenarios to evaluate:

• “Remember Me” Persistence:
  Ensure that enabling “Remember Me” securely stores either the user’s credentials or a session token in cookies. After logging in with this option selected, close and reopen the browser—does the user remain authenticated without being prompted to log in again?
• Session Handling on Cookie Deletion:
  Check that if a user logs in, then manually deletes cookies or uses the browser’s “clear cookies” function (e.g., in Chrome or Firefox), the session ends, and the user is properly redirected to the login page.
• Cookie Security Flags:
  Validate that cookies set by the login process include both Secure and HttpOnly flags. This ensures authentication data is transmitted only via HTTPS and inaccessible to JavaScript, mitigating theft risks from XSS attacks.
• Session Expiration:
  Simulate session expiration—either by waiting out the session timeout or by using tools to expire cookies—and confirm that any access attempt to authenticated pages subsequently redirects to the login screen.
• Browser Compatibility:
  Perform the above scenarios across popular browsers (like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge). Some browsers handle cookies and session storage differently, which can impact login persistence or security.
• Multiple Tab/Window Consistency:
  Log in from one browser tab, then open a new tab or window—does the authenticated session persist? Similarly, if logging out from one tab, verify immediate logout across all concurrent sessions.

Validating these cases helps prevent common authentication pitfalls and hardens your application against session-based vulnerabilities. This attention to cookie and session management goes hand-in-hand with traditional login field validation to safeguard users’ data and experience.

UI Validation: Visual Consistency and Error Messaging

To ensure robust UI quality, both visual consistency and the clarity of error messages need thorough validation on the login page.

Validating Visual Consistency
Check the login page’s appearance across a wide range of browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) and devices (desktop, tablet, mobile) to confirm the layout, colors, typography, and spacing adhere to the intended design. Compare the rendered interface against your Figma, Sketch, or Adobe XD design mockups, watching for any misaligned buttons, font discrepancies, or color mismatches. Responsive behavior should be tested using viewport resizing and device emulators so every element—from logos to input fields—appears as expected, whether you’re on a high-res monitor or a phone screen in portrait mode.

Checking Error Message Display
Deliberately enter invalid credentials (wrong username, incorrect password, or leave fields blank) to trigger error states. Observe that error messages:

• Appear promptly and adjacent to the affected field or in a dedicated error area.
• Use clear, actionable language (e.g., “Invalid password. Please try again.” instead of “Error 154”).
• Stand out visually—consider bold text, contrasting colors (red backgrounds, warning icons), and sufficient size.

Make sure the wording matches your content guidelines and that messages are easily readable for assistive technologies like screen readers.

By consistently validating both the visual and interactive feedback, you help guarantee users have a seamless, frustration-free login experience—regardless of device or mistake.

Testing CAPTCHA Functionality on Login Pages

CAPTCHA mechanisms play a critical role in defending login pages against automated attacks and brute-force attempts. To ensure robust protection and a seamless user experience, it’s important to validate all relevant scenarios when integrating CAPTCHA into your authentication workflow.

Key Test Scenarios for CAPTCHA

• Trigger Conditions:
  Confirm that the CAPTCHA challenge appears only after the appropriate number of failed login attempts (e.g., after three consecutive failures). Test with multiple incorrect entries to verify this threshold.
• Handling Incorrect Inputs:
  Attempt login with valid credentials but an incorrect CAPTCHA code. The system should clearly communicate that the CAPTCHA input was incorrect and prevent access regardless of username or password accuracy.
• Refresh Functionality:
  Check that users can request a new CAPTCHA—such as by clicking a “refresh” or “reload” button—and verify that a new image or challenge is rendered each time, distinct from the previous one.
• Successful Login with CAPTCHA:
  Ensure that when both the credentials and CAPTCHA response are correct, access is granted as expected, and no unnecessary prompts are shown.
• Accessibility and Usability:
  Evaluate whether CAPTCHA alternatives are available for users with disabilities (e.g., audio CAPTCHA for screen readers) and verify that assistive technologies like JAWS or NVDA can interact with the CAPTCHA challenge.
• Session Handling:
  Confirm that the CAPTCHA is invalidated if the page is refreshed or if a new session is started, preventing replay attacks.

By systematically covering these scenarios, you can balance effective security with a positive user experience when implementing CAPTCHA on your login page.

Non-Functional Test Cases for Login Pages

A comprehensive login page test plan doesn’t stop at input validation or button clicks—true peace of mind comes from making sure the page is secure, fast, and delivers a smooth (and inclusive) user experience. Here are key non-functional test scenarios to round out your suite:

Security Checks

• Input Handling for SQL Injection: Attempt logging in with snippets like ' OR '1'='1 to ensure the system safely handles malicious inputs and doesn’t cough up database info.
• Script Injection (XSS) Protection: Enter sneaky JavaScript code into username or password fields and confirm nothing executes—special characters should be neutralized.
• Password Privacy: Verify the login sends passwords over HTTPS (never plain HTTP), and peek under the hood to ensure storage uses strong encryption, not plain text.

Performance & Reliability

• Response Under Load: Simulate multiple users logging in at once. Does the page load as briskly as during off-peak hours? No one likes a login bottleneck.
• Session Management: Confirm that user sessions time out gracefully after inactivity, protecting against unauthorized access from abandoned browsers.

Usability and Accessibility

• Clear Interface and Direction: The page’s design should be uncluttered, with obvious labels, prompts, and feedback for errors or locked-out accounts.
• Keyboard Navigation & Screen Readers: Test tab order, focus indicators, and screen reader compatibility so users of all abilities can log in easily.
• Localization Readiness: Switch site language preferences—does every message appear correctly translated? Are date, time, and special characters in sync with regional settings?
• Browser Compatibility: Check the login journey on Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. The page should look and behave identically, regardless of the browser.

Taking time to address these non-functional aspects ensures your login isn’t just functional—it’s robust, secure, and friendly to everyone logging in.

Performance Test Cases for Login Page

Testing the login page’s performance ensures it remains reliable and responsive—even when things get busy. Consider these performance-focused test scenarios to help your login process stand up to real-world demands:

• Concurrent User Load: Simulate hundreds or thousands of users attempting to log in simultaneously. For example, test the response time when 1,000 users submit login requests at the same moment. Verify that responses remain under a set threshold (such as 2 seconds) and that the system doesn’t buckle under pressure.
• Peak Load Handling: Validate how your login page copes during predictable spikes—think Cyber Monday morning or right as an online webinar opens. Gradually increase the number of login attempts in short bursts and check for slowdowns or system errors.
• Sustained Load Testing: Simulate a steady stream of login requests over an extended period (e.g., several hours). This helps spot issues like memory leaks, session mishandling, or gradual response degradation.
• Stress Testing: Go beyond expected limits to see exactly when the login page fails gracefully—or not. Increase the number of simultaneous logins until errors appear, and capture how the application recovers (does it throw neat error messages, or does the server turn into a pumpkin?).
• Spike Testing: Suddenly flood the login page with a large number of requests in an instant to observe how quickly it can recover to normal operation once the spike subsides.
• Network Condition Variations: Assess the login page’s performance with users on slow or unreliable connections to ensure critical messages and timeouts behave sensibly.
• Third-Party Integration Performance: If your authentication relies on external services (e.g., OAuth with Google, Facebook, or enterprise SSO), test the response and error handling when these external systems are slow or temporarily unavailable.

Each of these tests helps guarantee the login experience remains smooth, secure, and frustration-free—not just in the calm, but also in the storm.

Complete Test Cases for Login Page:

High Priority Test Cases:

Medium Priority Test Cases:

Here’s the rest of the Medium Priority test cases.

Low Priority Test Cases:

Sample Test Cases for Gmail Login Page

Test ID Test Case Name Creation Date Designer Equivalence Priority Purpose Pre-Conditions Test Data Test Design Steps TC023 Valid Credentials Login 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Medium Verify that entering correct Gmail ID and password successfully logs in the user User has an active Gmail account Username: valid.email@gmail.com; Password: correctpassword 1. Launch the Gmail login page.
2. Enter a valid Gmail ID.
3. Click “Next.”
4. Enter a valid password.
5. Click “Login.”
Expected Result: User is redirected to the inbox page. TC024 Invalid Credentials Handling 2024-12-30 Test Genie Invalid Medium Check that login fails with incorrect credentials N/A Username: wrong.email@gmail.com; Password: wrongpass 1. Launch the Gmail login page.
2. Enter invalid Gmail ID and/or password.
3. Attempt to login.
Expected Result: Appropriate error message is displayed and login is denied. TC025 Empty Fields Validation 2024-12-30 Test Genie Invalid Low Ensure login form validation triggers when fields are left empty N/A Username: “”; Password: “” 1. Launch the Gmail login page.
2. Leave both fields blank.
3. Attempt to login.
Expected Result: Error message prompts user to fill in the required fields. TC026 “Next” Button Progression 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Low Confirm that the interface advances only after a valid email is provided Gmail login page is active Username: valid.email@gmail.com 1. Enter valid email in the username field.
2. Click “Next.”
Expected Result: User is prompted for password step. TC027 “Forgot Email or Password” Workflow 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Low Test the recovery flow for forgotten credentials User is on the login page N/A 1. Click the “Forgot email?” or “Forgot password?” link.
2. Follow prompts.
Expected Result: User is directed to the respective recovery process. TC028 Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Prompt 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid High Verify that MFA process initiates for accounts with two-step verification Gmail account has MFA enabled Username: validMFAuser@gmail.com; Password: correctPass 1. Login with user having MFA enabled.
2. Enter correct password.
Expected Result: Prompt for 2-step verification appears (OTP, code, or prompt on device). TC029 Password Masking Check 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Medium Ensure the password field hides entered characters Login page is loaded N/A 1. Navigate to password entry.
2. Enter characters.
Entered characters are masked (displayed as dots or asterisks). TC030 Account Lockout After Failed Attempts 2024-12-30 Test Genie Invalid Medium Confirm account is locked or captcha shown after multiple failed login attempts N/A Username: valid.email@gmail.com; Password: wrongPass (repeat) 1. Enter wrong password multiple times.Expected Result:
Expected Result: Account temporarily locked or captcha verification shown. TC031 HTTPS Secure Data Transfer 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid High Verify login page uses HTTPS for encryption N/A N/A 1. Check browser address bar on Gmail login.
Expected Result: HTTPS protocol is present and secure padlock displayed. TC032 2-Step Verification Redirection 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Medium Validate automatic redirection to second factor if enabled User with 2-step verification set up Username: secureuser@gmail.com; Password: pass 1. Login as user with 2-step verification.
Expected Result: User is redirected for secondary verification. TC033 “Stay Signed in” / “Remember me” Feature 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Low Confirm that selecting “Stay signed in” retains user session Option is available on the login page Username: validUser@gmail.com; Password: validPass 1. Tick “Stay signed in.”
2. Login.
3. Close and reopen browser.
Expected Result: User remains logged in. TC034 Logout and Session Expiry 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Medium Ensure that logout works and session expires after inactivity User is logged in N/A 1. Log in to Gmail.
2. Log out.
3. Attempt to access inbox.
4. Leave session idle for set time.
Expected Result: User is prompted to log in again. TC035 Cookies Clearance Impact 2024-12-30 Test Genie Valid Low Test login requirement after browser cookies are cleared User is logged in N/A 1. Log in to Gmail.
2. Clear browser cookies.
3. Attempt to access inbox.
Expected Result: User is logged out and login is required. These scenarios help ensure the login feature performs reliably, remains secure under various conditions, and offers a smooth user experience for anyone accessing Gmail.

Key Features of Selenium for Automating Login Tests

When it comes to putting browser-based login pages through their paces, Selenium stands out for a few essential reasons:

• End-to-End Test Automation: Selenium shines at scripting every step of a login process—typing credentials, clicking buttons, and verifying whether access is granted or denied—so repetitive manual checks become a thing of the past.
• Multi-Browser Compatibility: Whether your users prefer Chrome, Firefox, Edge, or Safari, automated tests built with Selenium can validate them all, ensuring a consistent experience across popular browsers.
• Flexible Scripting Options: Prefer Python, Java, JavaScript, or C#? Selenium supports several programming languages, letting testers build scripts that match their team’s expertise.
• Custom Assertion Logic: Testing isn’t just about logging in—it’s about confirming what happens next. Selenium lets you write precise checks, like verifying the presence of an error message or ensuring the user lands on the right dashboard.
• Integration with Build Pipelines: Selenium’s compatibility with CI/CD tools means login tests can run automatically with every code change—a huge win for catching issues early.

By leveraging these features, teams can automate detailed, realistic login scenarios and spot issues before users do.

Multi-Factor and Biometric Authentication

To ensure your login page is robust on mobile devices, it’s essential to cover scenarios involving multi-factor authentication (MFA) and biometrics. Here’s how you can approach testing these areas:

• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Validate the entire MFA flow by simulating registrations and logins using one-time passwords (OTPs), push notifications, or authenticator apps (like Google Authenticator or Authy). Check that incorrect codes are properly rejected, timeouts are handled gracefully, and backup methods work as intended.
• Biometric Logins: Test authentication via fingerprint and facial recognition (such as Apple Face ID or Android’s biometric prompts). Verify that failed authentication attempts trigger appropriate error messages, fallbacks to alternative logins function properly, and the process aligns with security guidelines specific to iOS and Android platforms.

By systematically testing these advanced authentication methods, you help guarantee that security and user experience remain consistent across a variety of device types and login scenarios.

Using Appium to Automate Mobile Login Tests

Appium is handy for automating login scenarios across Android and iOS devices. Thanks to its cross-platform capabilities, you can write a single test script that validates login workflows on different operating systems—there’s no need to reinvent the wheel for each platform.

Why use Appium for login automation?

• Test Real User Interactions: Appium interacts directly with the UI elements of your mobile app, mimicking what an actual user would do—typing a username, entering a password, and tapping the login button.
• No Need for Code Changes: You don’t have to tweak or instrument your app to get up and running. Appium tests the app as-is, fitting right into your CI/CD pipeline.
• Wide Coverage: Whether your app is native, built in React Native, a hybrid, or just a mobile-optimized web app, Appium has you covered.

Sample Login Automation Flow with Appium:

1. Launch your mobile application on a real device or emulator.
2. Use selectors to locate the username and password fields.
3. Input test credentials (try valid, invalid, too-long, or blank values to align with your test cases above).
4. Trigger the login action.
5. Assert outcomes—such as verifying error messages, ensuring redirection to the dashboard, or confirming the account is blocked for repeated failures.

Tips for Effective Test Automation with Appium:

• Mix positive and negative tests to mirror real user mistakes and attack scenarios.
• Combine Appium with automation frameworks like TestNG or JUnit for organized, repeatable tests.
• Leverage Appium’s parallel execution to speed up regression runs, especially useful for smoke testing after every deployment.

By automating login tests with Appium, you can reliably complete basic functionality, edge cases, and security checks, helping catch issues before your users do.

Structuring BDD Test Cases for Login Functionality

Behavior-driven development (BDD) provides a clear, collaborative way to specify test cases using the “Given-When-Then” format. This approach ensures shared understanding among testers, developers, and business stakeholders—think of it as creating a common map before embarking on your login testing journey.

Here’s how BDD test scenarios might be crafted for a typical login page:

• Successful Login
  • Given that a user is registered in the system
  • When they enter valid credentials and submit the login form
  • Then they are redirected to their personal dashboard or homepage
• Handling Invalid Credentials
  • Given a user exists
  • When incorrect username or password is provided
  • Then an informative error message is shown and access is denied
• Forgotten Password Flow
  • Given a user forgets their password on the login page
  • When they click on the “Forgot Password” link and enter their email
  • Then a password reset process is initiated, and instructions are sent via email
• Session Expiry
  • Given a user has logged in
  • When their session expires (e.g., after 30 minutes of inactivity)
  • Then they are directed back to the login page upon their next action, with a relevant session timeout message
• Remember Me Functionality
  • Given a user opts to use the “Remember Me” feature
  • When they return to the site within the defined timeframe
  • Then they remain authenticated without needing to log in again

By expressing these scenarios in a business-readable style, you reduce misunderstandings and create living documentation that keeps your entire team on the same page—whether you’re dealing with developers in Seattle or product managers in Singapore.

These BDD cases not only guide automation but also help prioritize key outcomes for a robust, user-friendly login experience.

Summary: Deriving Test Cases for a Login Page

A login page might appear simple at first glance, but testing it requires a thorough understanding of security, functionality, and user experience. By leveraging test design techniques like Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Value Analysis, and Decision Tables, testers can achieve complete coverage, ensuring the application is secure and user-friendly.

Comprehensive testing not only protects sensitive user data but also builds trust in the application. In an era where security breaches can tarnish a company’s reputation, robust login page testing is non-negotiable.